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They can recrystallize and exert pressures in the pores that may exceed the strength of the stone. Salts are dissolved and transported by water. The presence of salts within the stone, in the grounds surrounding the stone, in irrigation water, in some herbicides, and in some cleaners, can migrate through the stone’s porous network and cause damage. Salt damage can cause disintegration of a stone surface.Shrubs have falling berries that can stain surfaces. The sugars in the sap may attract insects or provide food for molds and mildews. The material may contain resins that are not easily dissolved in water. Plant or tree sap is a sticky substance that drips from overhanging trees.Urine seeps into porous materials and with time produces yellow stains. Depending on the animal’s diet, the stains may be difficult to remove. Bird droppings or other animal secretions can stain the stone.Fungi can penetrate the pore system of stone and carry bacteria further into the stone. Bacteria can consume air pollutants and produce acids that can attack the stone. Biofilms include proteins and sugars that are hard to remove through standard cleaning practices and provide food for regrowth of organisms. Microorganisms are capable of establishing a biofilm on the surface of the stone. Biological organisms, such as bacteria, mold, mildew, algae, mosses, or lichen can adhere to the headstone and result in appearance changes.These crusts can capture soil and pollution particles to create rough, gray surfaces. For example, sulfur dioxide produced through manufacturing processes and vehicle exhaust can interact with marble surfaces to cause gypsum crusts. Nearby factories or industrial activities can generate pollutants that can change the appearance of the stone or chemically interact with the stone over time. Air pollution, including particles from vehicle exhaust, can deposit on the surface of marble.Dirt can retain moisture after rainfall and lead to the growth of mold or mildew on the stone surface. If the headstone has sunk into the ground over time, then is raised and realigned, a distinct line of soiling can be seen. Minerals containing iron can leach into the marble surface and leave rust colored stains behind. Dirt can penetrate into the pores of the stone and be difficult to remove. Dirt can lead to dark staining on the surface or an overall dingy appearance. Dirt, including soil and mud, often arises from transferring the topsoil to headstone surface.Different soiling agents may respond better to a particular cleaning method. Soiling agents are accumulations on stone that alter the appearance of the stone and may cause additional damage. Cleaning recommendations for other stone types such as granite, sandstone, or limestone are not presented here. Recommendations do not address cleaning needs from unusual events such as removal of road tar, mower scars, vandalism, or other accidental damage. The document focuses on general cleaning and regular maintenance of marble headstones that are soiled from dirt and biological growth.
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Recommendations are intended to be used by cemetery directors, operations staff, foremen, maintenance staff, contractors and headquarters staff. This document was developed as general guidance for the cleaning of government issued headstones based on research undertaken by the National Park Service National Center for Preservation Technology and Training and funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs National Cemetery Administration. As part of the EPA Safer Choice Program, it has been evaluated and determined to be safer than traditional chemical ingredients.Jason Church demonstrates the proper technique for cleaning a marble headstone using a biocidal cleaner, water, and a soft bristle brush. It is also found in personal care products as a surfactant, to modify the surface tension of water, to aid in even spreading and to allow mixing with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away. An organic compound that increases the ability of water to dissolve other molecules. As part of the EPA Safer Choice Program, it has been evaluated and determined to be safer than traditional chemical ingredients.Ĭoupling Agent: CAS #. As a component in a chemical degreaser, it reacts with fatty acids (animal grease) to form a soap, which is then rinsed away. As part of the EPA Safer Choice Program, it has been evaluated and determined to be safer than traditional chemical ingredients.īuilder: CAS #. It is used in cleaners to modify the surface tension of water, to aid in even spreading and to allow mixing with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water treatment process that removes contaminants from water by passing the water through a membrane, (filter), where contaminants are filtered out yielding more pure quality water.